RE-TAKE for protein synthesis (biology) test tomorrow, these sites may help

REVIEW or Protein synthesis! Bozeman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3b9ArupXZg

Review of protein synthesis - virtual!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY

Window panes due Tuesday 3/26

1.ALLELE- a segment of your DNA (or gene)that codes for a trait in your body. You have two alleles for every trait in your body (with one exception- naturally!).

 2. Homozygous alleles- this is what we call the genetic situation when both parents give the same information (genes) for a trait. For example: both of your parents give you the gene for blonde hair, you have no other choice than to have blonde hair.

3. Heterozygous alleles- this is what we call the genetic situation when your parents give you two different genes for a trait. For example: Your Mom gives you the gene for brown hair and your dad gives you the gene for blonde hair- now your Genome has to decide which proteins to make- ones for brown hair OR ones for blonde hair- who will win? read on to find out!

4. Dominant traits (or alleles or genes)- This is when one of the alleles from a parent is stronger than the allele from the other parent so it's the one you use and, therefore,it's the trait that you have. Brown hair is dominant to blonde hair, therefore, you will have brown hair and you won't even know that you have a secret hidden gene from your other parent! (you can probably figure it out though- either by what your parents look like or what your kids look like) We only use one letter to represent a trait when we are trying to predict what traits a person will have, the Dominant trait determines what the letter will be and it (dominant one) will be uppercase- the recessive trait will use the same letter as the dominant trait, but we show that it is recessive by making it lower case! 5.Recessive traits (or alleles or genes)- This is when one of the alleles you get from a parent is weaker than another. You don't use this gene because you favor the stronger gene. In this way it is a hidden, secret gene, that you may never know you have. Even though you don't use this gene in your body, you do have the potential to give this "recessive" gene to your children and (depending on how the shuffling goes during meiosis) they could end up having that recessive trait. EVER see two brown headed people with a blonde baby- their baby- they both had a recessive allele for blonde hair!!!!!!

6. Co-dominant alleles- this is when you have heterozygous alleles for a trait (that's two different alleles) and they are equally strong so they both show up!! This is how you get stripes and spots in fur- neat,hugh?

 7. Incompletely dominant alleles- this is when you have heterozygous alleles for a trait (that's two different alleles) and they are equally strong, so they duke it out and decide to compromise- they meet in the middle- you no longer see the original traits but a medium version of each trait- think Pink! As in: Red mixed with White makes PINK!

8. Genotype- this is how we refer to the "letters" or alleles you carry- you always have two- one from mom and one from dad. TT or Tt where "T" is tall (dominant) and "t" is short (recessive). 9. Phenotype- this his how we refer to the visible PHYSICAL features that result from your alleles - "Tall" or "Short". It's what we see and know you have with and/or without knowing what your DNA says.

10.Gregor Mendel- a Monk/ gardener that figured out "genetics" using pea plants. He just cross pollinated pea plants that had different colored flowers and figured out the whole dominant/ recessive trait thing. Genetics that deals with only dominant and recessive traits is even called "MENDELIAN GENETICS".

11. HYBRID- this is how we sometimes refer to the crossing (or breeding) of two different different organisms of the same species. YOU are a hybrid of your parents!!! when we are crossing to test one trait it's refered to as a monohybrid cross ( two traits would be a dihybrid cross) 

12. Purebred- This is the same thing as being homozygous, ( you could be homozygous dominant TT or Homozygous recessive tt and still be considered "purebred")

13.X-linked or sex linked- This refers to traits found on the last pair of chromosomes ( the ones that determine whether you are a girl or a boy). Males only have to have one recessive allele for a trait to show up if it happens to fall in this area (most common x-linked traits are; colorblindness, hemophilia and balding) 

14. carrier- This is how we refer to a person who is Heterozygous for a trait, they have a recessive allele for something that they will never get, but they can give that allele to their children who may possibly get the trait. ( Mom of cystic fibrosis child is not sick, but child is because she and her husband were carriers of the trait). 

15. Pedigree- a chart that shows who of your ancestors carries a trait. circles are girls, squares are guys and shaded shapes have the trait being charted. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX56bRVBks0jhnCcpe51oCCa2pBgI__vKsQPDaYYojK67uG2Z0i3nDGCZmmFTzxWvsjGsDaNlxgmAzxiTnMEY291ydSlFu6kxOmjfps8wFhQXucVovWJrZN5KdZHf1RhHA0ujLXCrbpZgN/s1600/ftree.gif

16. Karyotype- a picture that shows paired chromosomes- can use it to determine the sex of a person or to check for Down's syndrome or any other trisomy ( 3 chromosomes instead of 2).

17.Intermediate inheritance- another term to describe a trait as being a result of co-dominant alleles or incompletey dominant alleles.

18. Polygenic- when more than one gene contributes to a trait- skin color is a result of the interaction between 7 different genes (which means 14 different alleles!), eye color is the result of 3 different genes.

19. Autosomal inheritance (or autosome)- when an allele is found on any of the 22 chromosomes that don't determine sex, so chromosomes 1 through 22 are autosomes. chromosome 23 is a sex chromosome.

20. Huntington's disease- is a disorder passed down through families in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away, or degenerate. It is an autosomal dominant disorder located on chromosome 4.

punnet square help:

http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punnett.html practice:http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punexam.html overview of genetics:http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&hl=en-GB&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GGLJ_en-GBUS290US290&q=punnet+square+introduction it's the first link- it's a ppt.

APES

Watch this by March 25th (before class on Monday) take notes (handwritten) that you can use on the quiz Monday.

Earth from Space  2hrs
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/earth-from-space.html


IN class we'll do these:

TED- Nuclear energy: 26 min

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK8ccWSZkic


Burning coal in america: 53 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqP-swLSOFQ

Fracking: 17 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEB_Wwe-uBM

Fracking song:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=timfvNgr_Q4

Friday's Biology class 3-15-13

Today you'll be watching "Tapped" and answering some questions that go along with it.

GRACE R : I've attached a copy of the worksheet as a word doc. on my google site:
www.tinyurl.com/bradleybiology

go to materials and look for most recent date or Tapped worksheet.
Have a good weekend!

Wednesday sub plan

Biology 1st and 4th period:
Watch Cracking the code of life on PBS, complete the question sheet that goes with it. Hand in sheet even if you don't finish the documentary.
click on link below- then click green tab to right (give it a second to show up) that says "watch the program"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/cracking-the-code-of-life.html


3rd block; AP Environmental science
 Watch "Tapped" on Amazon Prime
Write an essay on the pros and cons of using bottled water describing the cost to the environment and your health. Wrap it up with your own personal opinion on how we should deal with the bottled water issue. This should be the front and back of one piece of paper.

http://www.amazon.com/Tapped/dp/B003EYDTXO/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1363172177&sr=8-2&keywords=tapped

Vocab quiz will be tomorrow.

DNA links and window pane terms due Monday 3/11/13

WORD LIST- for DNA
1. Complementary base pairs- The nucleotides that fit together to form the DNA double helix, adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine .
Here is a visual, if the original strand of DNA has the following bases:    A T C G A T T C G A T (ORIGINAL OR TEMPLATE)Then the complimentary bases would be: T A G C T A A G C T A (COMPLIMENT TO THE ORIGINAL)

2. Replication- the process of copying the original strand of DNA to form a new, IDENTICAL, strand of DNA so that when the cell divides the daughter cells have the same exact genetic information as the parent cell.

3. Mutation- any change in someone’s strand of DNA, it could be a few letters (bases) or just one base.

4. Protein synthesis- using a cells DNA to code for and then make a specific protein needed by the cell, three types of RNA are needed to do this.

5. Trait- a physical characteristic or feature of a person (ex; brown hair, tall, diabetic, blue eyes)

6. Genes- the segments of a person’s DNA that code for a certain trait.

7. Transcription- when mRNA copies a segment of DNA in order to take the message out of the nucleus and to a ribosome. It must be written in the RNA’s language which uses Uracil in place of thymine for a nitrogen base. The uracil still pairs up with Adenine.

8. mRNA- messenger RNA is the RNA responsible for sneaking into the nucleus of a cell and copying off a certain piece of DNA and then carrying that piece of the code out to a ribosome.

9. Codon- three letters of a mRNA strand that determine which amino acid is to be made by a ribosome.

10. Translation- when the code made by the mRNA gets turned into an amino acid in a ribosome.

11. rRNA- is ribosomal RNA, it’s what makes up the ribosome and turns a mRNA codon strand into an amino acid strand.

12. tRNA- is the type of RNA that puts all of the amino acids in the correct order to form the proper protein. It has a complimentary RNA code for the newly produced amino acid to hook on to.

13. Peptide bond- it’s what connects one amino acid to another to make a complete protein. a long chain of these amino acids can be refered to as either a protein or a polypeptide.

14. Hydrogen bond- weak bond that holds nitrogen bases (A with T or C with G) together. 

15. Anti-codon- located at the bottom of the tRNA , it has the opposite nitrogen bases of the codon and its purpose is to make sure that the amino acids are returned to the proper place on the mRNA strand being translated at the ribosome! This insures that the codons are put in the correct order, regardless of who gets back to the ribosome first.

Use these links to help you visualize what's going on:
DNA replication
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html
proteins synthesis (RNA and transcription/ translation tutorial)
http://www.johnkyrk.com/er.html
BIG PICTURE STUFF: DNA and heredity
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/

window pane project grade due Thursday 3/7

This is your re-take opportunity- If I don't have them by Thursday, your current average will be entered as a test grade!
Here's the first word list, all of the others are already posted for you, just check older posts as you scroll through.4th list= energy, 3rd list= mitosis and meiosis, 2nd list= cell terms, 1st list= organic compounds.

window panes for Organic compounds:

1. Carbohydrate- organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms whose primary job is to provide a quick source of energy to the organisms that consume it.

2. Lipid- organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It has two main purposes in organisms: provide storage for energy and build membranes ( thin covering around all of your cells).

3. Protein- organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur atoms. The main jobs of proteins are: to build tissue in the body, to make up hormones and to build enzymes.

4. Nucleic acids- organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous. The main job of these compounds is to carry our genetic code which determines everything that is made in our bodies. Examples are DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA ( ribonucleic acid)

5.Hormone- a chemical signal (made out of proteins) that travels through our bloodstream and lets other parts of our body know how to grow or what to make. (ex. progesterone- a hormone that is active in pregnant women and helps to prepare the mom's body to hold and care for a baby).

6. Enzyme- a type of protein that is responsible for helping to speed up chemical reactions in our body. In chemistry, or in reactions outside of our body, this is called a catalyst.

7. monosaccharide- a simple sugar (carbohydrate), this is a sugar composed of only one molecule- glucose is a monsaccharide. (mono=one)

8. polysaccharide- a type of sugar made up of a long chain of single sugars. (poly = many)

9. cellulose- a type of sugar found only in plants, it helps to build outer coverings of vegetation ( the yellow shell of each little piece of corn is made of this). we can not digest cellulose.

10. Starch- a complex carbohydrate made up a really long chain of glucose molecules. This is the form that plants store their sugar in.

11.Insulin- a hormone made in the pancreas that helps break down sugar in the body.

12.Hemoglobin- a protein that makes up your blood, it carries iron and oxygen ( you can normally carry 4 molecules of oxygen on each cell).

13. Glycogen- the stored form of glucose, it is stored in our liver.

14.monomer- a molecule that exists by itself - only one molecule of something = glucose

15. polymer- a molecule that exists as a long chain of monomers connected by bonds= starch

16. Organic compounds- compounds that have the element carbon as the central/ essential connection.

17. atom- smallest unit of an element.

18. nucleotide- smallest functional unit (or piece) of a nucleic acid. It consists of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base.

19. double helix- the shape of a DNA molecule, it resembles a twisted ladder.

20. single helix- the shape of a RNA molecule, it resembles half of a twisted ladder.

Biology Benchmark tomorrow

Hey, remember, your first 6 weeks benchmark is tomorrow.
It will count!
It can replace a test grade or be counted as a quiz, whichever helps you more.

If you want to do some practice questions, go here and try some. Don't worry if you see some stuff that's unfamiliar to you. Our curriculum is different from NY's, just try as many as you can. It'll explain why the answer is right.

Good luck!
Good night!

go to the mc practice questions and choose the following topics: biochemical processes, cell structure, sexual and asexual reproduction.

http://regentsprep.org/regents/biology/biology.cfm